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Solar energy, especially through photovoltaic systems, is a widespread and eco-friendly renewable source. Integrating life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) optimizes economic, environmental, and performance aspects for a sustainable approach. Despite growing interest, literature lacks a comprehensive review on LCCA implementation in photovoltaic systems.
Cost–benefit has always been regarded as one of the vital factors for motivating PV-BESS integrated energy systems investment. Therefore, given the integrity of the project lifetime, an optimization model for evaluating sizing, operation simulation, and cost–benefit into the PV-BESS integrated energy systems is proposed.
The cost–benefit analysis reveals the cost superiority of PV-BESS investment compared with the pure utility grid supply. In addition, the operation simulation of the PV-BESS integrated energy system is carried out showing that how the energy arbitrage is realized.
From the investors’ point of view, the cost–benefit analysis for the PV-BESS project is accomplished in consideration of the whole project lifecycle, proving the cost superiority of PV and BESS investment. At last, sensitivity analysis of PV and BESS optimal allocation is conducted to ideally balance the PV and BESS sizes for investment.
Grid connected PV systems always have a connection to the public electricity grid via a suitable inverter because a photovoltaic panel or array (multiple PV panels) only deliver DC power. As well as the solar panels, the additional components that make up a grid connected PV system compared to a stand alone PV system are:
In order to provide grid services, inverters need to have sources of power that they can control. This could be either generation, such as a solar panel that is currently producing electricity, or storage, like a battery system that can be used to provide power that was previously stored.
When modeling grid-connected inverters for PV systems, the dynamic behavior of the systems is considered. To best understand the interaction of power in the system, the space state model (SSM) is used to represent these states. This model is mathematically represented in an expression that states the first order of the differential equation.
Grid-connected PV inverters have traditionally been thought as active power sources with an emphasis on maximizing power extraction from the PV modules. While maximizing power transfer remains a top priority, utility grid stability is now widely acknowledged to benefit from several auxiliary services that grid-connected PV inverters may offer.
