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In contrast, France has one of the lowest annual grid investment plans. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are playing an increasingly vital role in France’s energy transition, supporting grid stability and enabling greater integration of renewable energy.
France's installed electricity generation capacity is mainly made up of nuclear, hydroelectric and fossil-fired power plants, as well as renewable power plants (wind, solar photovoltaic, biomass). French power production continues to change in 2022 and 2023, driven by the growth in renewable energy sources.
French power production continues to change in 2022 and 2023, driven by the growth in renewable energy sources. This graph represents the evolution of the French energy mix, with a view to the evolution of installed generation capacity in France, overall and by technology.
In 2024, renewables accounted for 27.6% of France’s total electricity generation. That figure is expected to reach 35% by 2030, with 95% of the country’s electricity projected to come from non-fossil sources. This trajectory puts France well ahead of the European average and reinforces its commitment to low-carbon energy.
Solar energy, especially through photovoltaic systems, is a widespread and eco-friendly renewable source. Integrating life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) optimizes economic, environmental, and performance aspects for a sustainable approach. Despite growing interest, literature lacks a comprehensive review on LCCA implementation in photovoltaic systems.
Cost–benefit has always been regarded as one of the vital factors for motivating PV-BESS integrated energy systems investment. Therefore, given the integrity of the project lifetime, an optimization model for evaluating sizing, operation simulation, and cost–benefit into the PV-BESS integrated energy systems is proposed.
The cost–benefit analysis reveals the cost superiority of PV-BESS investment compared with the pure utility grid supply. In addition, the operation simulation of the PV-BESS integrated energy system is carried out showing that how the energy arbitrage is realized.
From the investors’ point of view, the cost–benefit analysis for the PV-BESS project is accomplished in consideration of the whole project lifecycle, proving the cost superiority of PV and BESS investment. At last, sensitivity analysis of PV and BESS optimal allocation is conducted to ideally balance the PV and BESS sizes for investment.
